ABSTRACT
Estudia la situación de mortalidad, morbilidad, remisión de pacientes con sus costos, encaminado a la justificación del desarrollo de un proyecto de Telemedicina en el Amazonas para facilitar el acceso a los servicios de salud y la remisión oportuna de pacientes a centros especializados
Subject(s)
Pilot Projects , Telemedicine , ColombiaABSTRACT
Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the principal public health problems in Mexico. The national mortality rate due to CC was estimated at 21.8 per 100,000 among women over 15 years old during 1994. Despite this high incidence little is known in Mexico about the risk factors for CC. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the association between CC and HPV types 16 and 18 in women living in Mexico City. From august, 1990 to December, 1992, a case-control study was carried out in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. HPV 16-18 types were determined in a sample of 148 CC caes and 204 controls randomly selected from a sample frame representative of the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Sixty cases corresponded to in situ CC and 88 cases to the invasive phase. Determination of HPV 16 and 18 types was done by polymerase chain reaction using primers specific to E6/E7. Results showed that 48.3 percent of in situ CC cases and 48.8 percent of invasive CC cases were positive for HPV16 while only 13.2 percent were positive among the 204 controls. Association Between HPV 16 infection in the in situ cancer cases had an estimated odds ratio (OR) of 5.17 (95 percent CI 2.60 - 10.51). In the invasive cervical cancer cases, association between HPV 16 infection and invasive CC in this sample had an OR of 3.84 (95 percent CI 2.04 - 7.22). For the total sample, the estimated OR was 5.48 (95 percent CI 3.07-9.62). In the total sample, those women with a strong positive reaction to PCR were associated with a large increase in the risk, OR of 38.0(95 percent CI 8.66-167.1) The prevalence the HPV 18 was 6.7 percent, only observed in the invasive cervical cancer cases. At present there is general consensus that HPV is the principal causal agent in CC etiology. This study intends to contribute to the knowledge concerning the etiology of cervical cancer. However, it is necessary to consider that the single most effective tool in the reduction of mortality due to cervical cancer has been the Pap test. Secondary prevention has proven to be highly effective in other populations, and this should be viewed as a priority activity for all at-risk populations. Athough a vaccine for HPV may be avalilable in the near future its efficacy in primary prevention has yet to be demonstrated
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Carcinoma/epidemiology , Papillomaviridae/isolation & purification , Papillomavirus Infections/epidemiology , Tumor Virus Infections/epidemiology , Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/epidemiology , Mexico/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Biliary stones constitute an important issue in public health, until recently treated exclusively by surgical means. In the western world 80-90 percent of stones are composed of cholesterol, secondary to abnormalities in cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism. In the last two decades significant advances in the treatment of this problem have been made, such as medical dissolution and extracorporeal lithotripsy. The most significant risk factors are: obesity, rapid weight loss, female sex, pregnancy, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, estrosalts derived from cholesterol are hydrophylic sterols that are essential to micelle formation. The predominance of the hydrophylic domain makes them amphophylic. Primary bile salts: cholate and deoxycholate are synthetized in the liver; secondary bile salts: deoxycholate and lithocholate derived from primary ones by bacterial transformation in the gut; tertiary bile salts: ursodeoxycholate and sulpholithocholate derived from secondary salts by bacterial action. Lecithin is the main phospholipid in bile, its main fuction is to solubilize cholesterol associated to bile salts. Micelles are complex structures made of cholesterol, lecithin and bile salts. Experimentally a triangular diagram has been designed representing molar concentrations of cholesterol, lecithin and bile salts. This diagram facilitates the understanding of biliary stones formation. Changing is components keeping constant total lipids, identifics several phases essential in stones formation, such as the micellar phase and the metastable phase. Supersaturated bile results from excess of cholesterol or deficiency of bile salts, and represents the initial abnormality that predispose to stones formation...
Subject(s)
Humans , Bile Acids and Salts/adverse effects , Bile Acids and Salts/physiology , Cholelithiasis/complications , Cholelithiasis/diagnosis , Cholelithiasis/drug therapy , Cholelithiasis/epidemiology , Cholelithiasis/etiology , Cholelithiasis/mortality , Cholelithiasis/pathology , Cholelithiasis/physiopathology , Cholelithiasis/surgery , Cholelithiasis/therapy , Cholesterol/adverse effects , Cholesterol/physiologySubject(s)
Adult , Humans , Male , Female , Diarrhea , Diarrhea/diagnosis , Diarrhea/drug therapy , Diarrhea/immunology , Diarrhea/physiopathology , Diarrhea/therapyABSTRACT
Se presentan 75 casos de mala absorción tropical, 65 adultos y 10 niños, estudiados desde el año de 1968 en el Hospital San Juan de Dios de Bogotá. La mayoría de los pacientes provenían de Cundinamarca y del Distrito Especial de Bogotá. En todos hubo mala absorción de la D-xilosa y esteatorrea. La biopsia peroral de la mucosa intestinal practicada en 64, mostró atrofia de 1+ en 16, de 2+ en 30, de 3+ en 18 y en ninguno se observó atrofia de 4+. Se encontró anemia en 58 pacientes, la cual fue de tipo megaloblástico en 45 (60 por ciento), ocasionada a su vez por deficiencia de ácido fólico, en 4, de Vitamina B12 en 9 y de ácido fólico y Vitamina B12 en 32. Fueron hallazgos frecuentes además del peso bajo, la glositis, la carotinemia baja (<40ug/dl) la colesterolemia inferior a 150mg/dl y la albuminemia por debajo de 3.5 g/dl. Fueron tratados exitosamente con dieta balanceada, ácido fólico, Vitamina B12, tetraciclina o sulfas, en forma aislada o empleando combinaciones de estos medicamentos. En presencia de megaloblastosis la terapia ideal es el tratamiento "triconjugado" de Vitamina B12, ácido fólico y tetraciclina; solamente falleció un paciente, por tromboembolismo pulmonar. El diagnóstico diferencial debe hacerse principalmente con la enteropatía por Gluten y con la anemia perniciosa